SC 321 – Anatomy and Physiology

Study Guide for Exam 1

Recommended Review: Go to this link and do the Online Quizzes and Labeling Exercises for Chapters 1 through 5

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/maderap/student_index.mhtml

Another good site you can use to review and test your knowledge is http://www.getbodysmart.com/

You are responsible for the following information from Chapters 1 - 4

Chapter 1

Anatomy and Physiology (p. 2)

• Define anatomy and physiology, and explain how they are related.

Organization of Body Parts (p. 2)

• Describe each level of organization of the body with reference to an example.

Anatomical Terms (p. 3)

• Use the terms that describe the relative positions of body parts and the planes, sections, and regions of the body.
• List the cavities of the body, and state their locations.
• Name the organs located in each of the body cavities.

Organ Systems (p. 9)

• List the organ systems of the body, and state the major organs associated with each.
• Describe in general the functions of each organ system.

Homeostasis (p. 12)

• Describe homeostasis, and explain in general how homeostasis is maintained.
• Define disease, and explain the difference between a local and a systemic disease.

Chapter 2

• Explain why chemistry is pertinent to a study of the body.

Elements and Atoms (p. 17)

• Name and describe the subatomic particles of an atom, and indicate which one accounts for the occurrence of isotopes.

Molecules and Compounds (p. 18)

• Distinguish between ionic and covalent reactions, and between ionic and covalent bonds.
• List and discuss the functions of ions in the body.

Some Important Inorganic Molecules (p. 20)

• Describe the structure of water, and give examples of how it functions in the body.
• Relate the term electrolyte to the presence of ions in body fluids and tissues.
• Define the terms acid and base. Describe the pH scale, and explain the significance of buffers.

Some Important Organic Molecules (p. 23)

• Compare and contrast the structures and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• Explain what enzymes are, and describe their role in the body.
• Describe how the structure and function of DNA and RNA differ.
• Describe the structure of ATP, and explain how ATP functions in the body.

Chapter 3

The Plasma Membrane (p. 34)

• Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane.

The Nucleus (p. 35)

• Describe the structure and function of the nucleus.
• Describe the role of DNA in protein synthesis.

The Cytoplasm (p. 36)

• Describe the roles of ribosomes and the three types of RNA in protein synthesis.
• Describe the structures and roles of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus in packaging and secretion.
• Describe the structures of lysosomes and the role of these organelles in the breakdown of molecules.
• Describe the structure of mitochondria and their role in producing ATP.
• Describe the structures of centrioles, cilia, and flagella and their roles in cellular movement.

Plasma Membrane Transport (p. 39)

• Describe how substances move across the plasma membrane, and distinguish between passive and active transport.

Cell Division (p. 42)

• Give an overview of mitotic cell division, and explain the mechanism by which the chromosome number stays constant.
• Contrast mitosis with meiosis in general terms.

Chapter 4

Body Tissues (p. 49)

• Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissues.
• Name the major types of epithelial tissues, and relate each one to a particular organ.
• Describe the general characteristics and functions of connective tissues.
• Name the major types of connective tissues, and relate each one to a particular organ.
• Describe the general characteristics and functions of muscular tissues.
• Name the major types of muscular tissues, and relate each one to a particular organ.
• Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissue.

Body Membranes (p. 59)

• Name the different types of membranes, and relate each one to a particular location in the body.
• State the names and locations of the serous membranes found in the ventral cavity.

Chapter 5

Structure of the Skin (p. 63)

• Describe the regions of the skin and the subcutaneous layer.
• Name two main epidermal layers, and describe their structure and function.

Accessory Structures of the Skin (p. 65)

• Describe the structure and growth of hair and nails.
• Name three glands of the skin, and describe their structure and function.

Functions of the Skin (p. 67)

• List and discuss four functions of the skin.

Disorders of the Skin (p. 68)

• Name the three types of skin cancer, and state their cause.
• Name and describe four types of burns with regard to depth.
• Describe how the "rule of nines" may be used to estimate the extent of a burn.
• Describe the steps by which a skin wound heals.

Effects of Aging (p. 73)

• Anatomical and physioloigical changes occur in the integumentary system as we age