A & P Study Guide
SC 321
Exam # 2
Chapter 6 – Skeletal System
Skeleton: Overview (p. 79)
- Name
at least five functions of the skeleton.
- Explain
a classification of bones based on their shapes.
- Describe
the anatomy of a long bone.
- Describe
the growth and development of bones.
- Name
and describe eight types of fractures, and state the four steps in
fracture repair.
Axial Skeleton (p. 82)
- Distinguish
between the axial and appendicular skeletons.
- Name
the bones of the skull, and state the important features of each bone.
- Describe
the structure and function of the hyoid bone.
- Name
the bones of the vertebral column and the thoracic cage. Be able to label
diagrams of them.
- Describe
a typical vertebra, the atlas and axis, and the sacrum and coccyx.
- Name
the three types of ribs and the three parts of the sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton
(p. 91)
- Name
the bones of the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle. Be able to label
diagrams of them.
- Name
the bones of the upper limb (arm) and the lower limb (leg). Be able to
label diagrams that include surface features.
- Cite at
least five differences between the female and male pelvises.
Joints (Articulations) (p. 100)
- Explain
how joints are classified, and give examples of each type of joint.
- List
the types of movements that occur at synovial
joints.
Effects of Aging (p. 105)
- Anatomical
and physiological changes occur in the skeletal system as we age.
Chapter 7 – Muscular System
Types and Functions of Muscles (p. 111)
- Describe
the three types of muscles, and indicate whether each type is
voluntary/involuntary, striated/nonstriated.
- Name
and discuss four functions of muscles.
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Contraction (p. 111)
- Describe
the anatomy of a whole muscle and a muscle fiber.
- Describe
the manner in which a muscle fiber contracts.
- Describe
a muscle twitch, summation, and tetanus.
- Describe
how ATP is made available for muscle contraction.
- Discuss
how muscles work together to achieve movement.
- Explain
muscle tone and the effect of contraction on the size of a muscle.
Skeletal Muscles of the Body (p. 117)
- Name
the superficial muscles of the head, neck, and trunk; shoulder and upper
limb (arm); and thigh and lower limb (leg). Indicate their origins and
insertions, and give their functions
Chapter 8 – Nervous System
Nervous System (p. 136)
- Describe
the three functions of the nervous system.
- Describe
the structure and function of the three types of neurons and four types of
neuroglial cells.
- Explain
how a nerve impulse is conducted along a nerve and across a synapse.
- Describe
the structure of a nerve and the differences between the three different
types of nerves.
- Describe
the structure of a reflex arc and the function of a reflex.
Central Nervous System (p. 144)
- Describe
the major parts of the brain and the lobes of the cerebral cortex. State
functions for each structure.
- Describe
in detail the structure of the spinal cord, and state its functions.
- Describe
the three layers of meninges, and state the function
of each.
- Describe
how cerebrospinal fluid is formed and circulates.
Peripheral Nervous System (p. 152)
- Name
the twelve pairs of cranial nerves, and give a function for each.
- Describe
the structure and function of spinal nerves.
- Define
and describe the autonomic nervous system.
- Distinguish
between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions in four ways, and
give examples of their respective effects on specific organs.
Effects of Aging (p. 158)
- Anatomical
and physiological changes occur in the nervous system as we age.
Chapter 9 – Sensory System
General Receptors (p. 166)
- Categorize
sensory receptors according to the system used in the text.
- Name
the four senses of the skin, and state the location of their receptors.
- Discuss
the function of visceral receptors.
- Discuss
the function of proprioceptors.
Chemoreceptors (p. 168)
- Name
the chemoreceptors, and state their location,
anatomy, and mechanism of action.
Photoreceptors (p. 169)
- Describe
the anatomy and function of the accessory organs of the eye.
- Describe
the anatomy of the eye and the function of each part.
- Describe
the sensory receptors for sight, their mechanism of action, and the
mechanism for stereoscopic vision.
- Describe
common disorders of sight discussed in the text.
Mechanoreceptors (p. 179)
- Describe
the anatomy of the ear and the function of each part.
- Describe
the sensory receptors for balance and hearing, and their mechanism of
action.
Effects of Aging (p. 183)
- Anatomical
and physiological changes occur in the sensory system as we age.
Medical Focus
- Myasthenia
Gravis (p. 171)
- Corrective
Lenses (p. 178)
- Hearing
Damage and Deafness (p. 182)